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1 Ezra Pound’s poetry can be hard to b l a n k: it is dense, experimental, and so full of references and allusions that many readers have a difficult time even identifying the poems’ subjects. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

2 The unique subak water management system used to irrigate the rice paddy fields of the Indonesian island of Bali has a rich cultural, philosophical, and historical significance dating back to the ninth century. The many elements of subak—terraces, canals, and water temples—are b l a n k: they are joined together into a single cohesive unit. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

3 Although the government of the Soviet Union attempted to b l a n k Georgi Vladimov’s novel Faithful Ruslan, copies of the book circulated in secret among readers in several parts of the country. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

4 Scholars long thought that the initial spread of silk beyond China occurred in the second century CE, but this view has been b l a n k by new archaeological evidence from South Asia that reveals that the people of the Indus Civilization made use of silk at least 1,000 years earlier. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

5 A casual description of Scherezade García’s 2019 mural Blame It on the Bean: The Power of Coffee can make the work seem b l a n k—a painting that is housed in a coffee shop and that depicts three women drinking coffee may not sound particularly ambitious—but in fact the work is a complex, dynamic meditation on gender and the legacy of colonialism that demands serious attention. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

6 The following text is adapted from Akwaeke Emezi’s 2019 novel Pet. Jam is a teenager who lives with her father, Aloe, and her mother, Bitter, who is a painter. Bitter finished the painting in the dark morning of a day—it was well past midnight when Jam heard the studio door creak open. She stared into the velvet black of her room and listened to her mother’s footsteps walking in her [mother] and Aloe’s bedroom. There was a weight thrumming through the floorboards in a low song, and that was how Jam knew the painting was done. Bitter’s feet were singing the news. ©2019 by Akwaeke Emezi Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

7 The following text is from Bram Stoker’s 1911 novel The Lair of the White Worm. Adam is meeting his great-uncle Richard at a port. The meeting so auspiciously begun proceeded well. Adam, seeing that the old man was interested in the novelty of the ship, suggested that he should stay the night on board, and that he would himself be ready to start at any hour and go anywhere that the other suggested. This affectionate willingness to fall in with his own plans quite won the old man’s heart. He warmly accepted the invitation, and at once they became not only on terms of affectionate relationship, but almost like old friends. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

8 Curious about how people visually perceive objects in their dreams, Stephen LaBerge and team recruited lucid dreamers—people aware that they’re dreaming as it’s happening—for a research study. These participants were reliably able to signal when they had entered a dream state; the team then observed participants’ eye movements as they slept. The smoothness with which participants’ eyes tracked objects in their dreams closely matched how sighted people who are awake visually track objects around them, suggesting to the team that the brain perceives dream objects as the product of something other than pure imagination. Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

9 Text 1 Good art often challenges and disrupts social and aesthetic norms, but the creation of public art—paintings, sculptures, and performance pieces displayed in nonmuseum or nontheatrical public settings—typically requires broad agreement among artists, civic officials, and community members about the works’ message and artistic goals. Public art that fails to appease everyone by being sufficiently aesthetically and conceptually bland almost inevitably provokes backlash. Text 2 Public art is commonly displayed in spaces intended for purposes other than meaningful aesthetic engagement. Some critics of public art therefore note that norm-defying pieces that aren’t effectively integrated within their surroundings in a manner that primes passersby to appreciate the pieces’ merits (as is often the case) tend to be regarded more unfavorably than similarly provocative art encountered in museums is. Based on the texts, how would the critics mentioned in Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?

10 The average age at which people in the United States start businesses is 35. Economist Andrés Hincapié studied why young adults are relatively less likely to start businesses and whether there are ways to increase entrepreneurship in early adulthood. Hincapié found that one impediment is lack of knowledge about the practical details of how businesses are started; he further found that simply providing young adults with good informational resources on the topic significantly alleviates this problem. Based on the text, what would Hincapié most likely say is a promising way to increase entrepreneurship in early adulthood?

11 Few animals are known to spit: among them are humans, cobras, and camels. But in January 2022 at a nature preserve in southern England, bird-watcher Clare Jacobs observed a gray seal spitting a jet of water at a white-tailed eagle flying overhead. Seals had never been seen spitting before. Biologist Sean Twiss, who studies gray seals, believes that the seal may have been attempting to scare the eagle away from a food source or that the seal may have just been playing. Which choice best states the main topic of the text?

12 The following text is from Mark Haber’s 2022 novel Saint Sebastian’s Abyss. The narrator and Schmidt are both art critics. When my first wife admitted to Schmidt over dinner that she didn’t find art, painting in particular, especially compelling, Schmidt winced, set down his fork, and sighed dramatically; he then excused himself, explaining an appointment he’d forgotten about had suddenly and inexplicably been remembered, while making it abundantly clear there was no appointment at all. ©2022 by Mark Haber Based on the text, what is notable about Schmidt’s behavior?

13 The following text is from Mick Herron’s 2023 novel The Secret Hours. The narrator is describing members of a government committee. Finally, and adding much-needed gravitas, was Sir Winston Day, whose features seemed moulded to adorn a bust, or possibly a stamp, and whose forehead was so evidently bulging with grey matter that it would have been impertinent to inquire too closely into the actual achievements his half century of public service had produced. His recently published memoirs possibly cast light on this enigma, but given that such details were not provided until after the thirty-page mark, they might as well have remained state secrets. ©2023 by Mick Herron Based on the text, which choice best describes Sir Winston Day?

14 Studies of ocean wave breaking have predominantly focused on traveling waves (those propagating along the horizontal plane), so Mark McAllister et al. utilized a circular wave tank to produce and study spike waves, axisymmetric standing waves that can erupt vertically when traveling waves propagating in opposing directions intersect. Traveling waves break when wave steepness (height-to-length ratio) passes a critical threshold; breaking thus constrains wave height. McAllister et al. found that spike waves can exceed that constraint, as other factors than just steepness (e.g., jet stability and cavity shape) mediate spike-wave breaking. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

15 Energy Density of Four Fuels 45) 40 L / J 35 M ( 30 y t 25 i s n 20 e d 15 y g 10 r e n 5 E 0 e l n o e e i n u u a^l f f o h o^l t s t b e g a^l e j P O^i P Fuel A team of researchers used bacteria to create a biofuel (a renewable fuel produced from plants, algae, or other living materials). The team called the new fuel POP biofuel. To determine how much energy is stored in POP biofuel compared to other fuels, the team calculated the fuels’ energy density, in megajoules per liter (MJ/L). The team found that the fuel with the highest energy density is b l a n k Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the sentence?

16 Founded in 1965 and originally established as a cultural extension of the United Farm Workers—a union representing many Mexican American agricultural workers at the time—the theater troupe El Teatro Campesino has achieved recognition as a source of inspiration for subsequent Chicano theater companies and as a contributor to the dramatic arts. In an article about the company, a theater historian posits that a significant stylistic influence on El Teatro’s early performances was the audience-mediated slapstick comedy of carpa theater, vaudeville-style shows popular in Mexico and the US Southwest in the 1920s and ’30s. Which quotation from the article would best illustrate the theater historian’s claim?

17 Researchers Eugeni Vidal-Tortosa and Robin Lovelace looked at the relationship between street lighting in a city and people’s willingness to ride a bicycle. Their results suggest that poor street lighting can deter new or inexperienced cyclists from riding in a city but has little effect on experienced cyclists. Therefore, increasing the number of streetlights in a city could potentially b l a n k Which choice most logically completes the text?

18 Like many other genera of wild bees, bumblebees have in recent decades experienced population collapse caused by, among other factors, habitat destruction and climate variation. Bumblebees are also one of the most researched bee genera, second only to honeybees. As a result, ecologists have gained much of their insight about wild-bee declines from bumblebees. In a 2021 paper, zoologist Guillaume Ghisbain notes that bumblebees are among the relatively few wild-bee genera that display social behaviors and dietary generalism (ability to obtain nectar and pollen from a diversity of plant species), two traits that are associated with increased resilience to some specific environmental changes. Ghisbain therefore contends that b l a n k Which choice most logically completes the text?

19 When using a search engine, many people click just the first one or two results. Click restraint is the practice of scanning a search results page and evaluating what you see before deciding which link b l a n k Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

20 Following her debut album release in 2002, Mexican singer-songwriter Natalia Lafourcade quickly shot to fame. By 2023, she b l a n k one of the most celebrated musicians in Latin America, having released twelve albums and won seventeen Latin Grammy awards—more than any other female artist in history. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

21 The rough frog is a species of amphibian native to Australia. Currently, the frog’s range b l a n k parts of northern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

22 According to the original text of the US Constitution, written in 1787, the presidential candidate receiving the second-most Electoral College votes becomes vice president. The 12th amendment, ratified in b l a n k separated the elections for the two offices. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

23 The musical scores of Japanese composer Hiroyuki Sawano are famous for their mysterious titles. Laden with emojis and seemingly meaningless words, and driven largely by Sawano’s “personal feeling and mood,” b l a n k Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

24 Artist Yto Barrada’s exhibition Ways to Baffle the Wind incorporates sculptures, textiles, and films. Barrada’s pieces, utilizing elements as disparate as plant-dyed fabrics, wire crab traps filled with stones, and cotton balls dangling above a fan, b l a n k the ways humans attempt to organize and regulate nature. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

25 Helical b l a n k widely understood to confer stability and efficiency in the locomotion of a variety of microscopic organisms—including bacteria, eukaryotic algae, and ciliates—bestows similar advantages, albeit via different propulsive modes, to larger oceanic macroplanktons, such as salps. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

26 The tiny transistors that control the flow of electricity in modern devices may one day be made of wood. Researchers in Switzerland have found a way to use heat and chemicals to widen the grooves in dry pieces of balsa wood. b l a n k these grooves become wide enough that electrical conductors can be passed through them. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

27 Al-Andalus, the historical region of the Iberian Peninsula that includes most of modern-day Spain, was ruled by various Arabic-speaking Muslim states between the eighth and fifteenth centuries. b l a n k many Arabic words, such as “alacrán”—meaning “scorpion”—made their way into the Spanish language. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

28 Imagine a magazine that a reader has thrown away. This magazine is post-consumer waste, as it became waste after reaching the consumer. b l a n k the paper scraps left over from printing the magazine are pre-consumer waste, as they became waste before reaching the consumer. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

29 In astrophysics, a ring of debris orbiting a larger object within the object’s Roche limit is expected to persist as a ring, whereas a ring of debris orbiting outside this limit would likely accrete into a satellite (e.g., a moon). Bruno Morgado and colleagues, b l a n k detected a dense ring of material orbiting the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar at a distance of 2,500 miles, well outside the calculated Roche limit of 1,100 miles, that has remained intact. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

30 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • “Organ^2 /ASLSP (As Slow as Possible)” is a musical piece by avant-garde composer John Cage. • A specially designed automated organ in St. Burchardi Church in Halberstadt, Germany, began playing the piece in 2001. • It is scheduled to stop playing the piece in 2640. • The performance will last 639 years. • It will be the longest continuous musical performance in history. The student wants to indicate how long John Cage’s musical piece will last. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

31 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • 1914: British explorer Ernest Shackleton and a small crew embarked on an expedition to Antarctica. • 1915: Shackleton’s ship Endurance became stuck in ice before eventually breaking apart and sinking. • 1916: After more harrowing sea-ice adventures, the entire crew was rescued. • 1959: Historian Alfred Lansing wrote a book called Endurance: Shackleton’s Incredible Voyage. • 2001: Filmmaker George Butler released a documentary called The Endurance: Shackleton’s Legendary Antarctic Expedition. • 2022: The wreckage of Endurance was discovered at the bottom of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea. The student wants to provide a historical overview of the Shackleton expedition. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

32 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The meter of a poem is the rhythmic structure or pattern of accents in its lines. • Alliterative meter is structured by a pattern of repeated sounds. • Quantitative meter is structured by a pattern of long and short syllables. • The Old English poem Widsith uses an alliterative meter. • The Sanskrit poem Meghadūta uses a quantitative meter. The student wants to emphasize a difference between the meters of the two poems. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

33 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Leaders of the Province of Guatemala proclaimed independence for Central America from the Spanish Empire on September 15, 1821. • The accompanying Declaration of Independence was written by Honduran scholar and politician José Cecilio del Valle. • The 1812 Spanish Constitution had provided some degree of independence for Central America, but it was repealed by the Spanish king in 1814. • Valle, a loyal advisor to the Spanish Empire’s administrators in Central America, had long opposed independence. • He changed his mind after Colonel Rafael del Riego’s 1820 revolt, which demanded the return of rights lost in 1814. The student wants to place the 1821 Declaration of Independence in the context of Valle’s changing political beliefs. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

1 Ancient Inca inhabiting the Andes Mountains used terraces, rows of flattened land with built- in irrigation systems, to grow crops at different altitudes. This method of farming proved to be highly b l a n k, as evidenced by the great number and variety of crops grown at that time. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

2 Since the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into space in 1990, astronauts have needed to complete regular missions to repair the telescope and keep it working smoothly. Researchers hope that robots will soon be able to make these repairs. Employing robots instead of humans to make repairs will be helpful, as b l a n k astronauts to maintain the telescope can be expensive. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

3 There are many famous examples of election pollsters making inaccurate predictions in presidential elections. But neuroscientist and election pollster Sam Wang has said that these prediction failures should not lead campaigns to b l a n k election polling entirely. Polling is about more than just predicting the winner; throughout campaigns, it helps strategists identify where their efforts are most likely to be effective. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

4 Steiger Butte Drum, a family ensemble from the Klamath Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, collaborated with composer Michael Gordon to create Natural History, a work featuring traditional drumming and vocals alongside an orchestra and chorus. Steiger Butte Drum’s participation is b l a n k to the piece: members not only contributed to its composition but also must be included in all performances. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

5 The following text is from a 1955 translation of Samuel Beckett’s 1951 novel Molloy (translated by the author and Patrick Bowles). In the text, Molloy has arrived at the town ramparts, an elevated walkway atop the city walls. And having cleared the ramparts I had to confess the sky was clearing, prior to its winding in the other shroud, night. Yes, the great cloud was ravelling, discovering here and there a pale and dying sky, and the sun, already down, was manifest in the livid tongues of fire darting towards the zenith, falling and darting again, ever more pale and languid, and doomed no sooner lit to be extinguished. ©1955 by Grove Press, Inc. As used in the text, what does the word “manifest” most nearly mean?

6 In the past, historians who wanted to examine Frederick Douglass’s diary and other personal papers had to visit the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, to view them on microfilm (film containing scaled-down reproductions of documents). But traveling to the library often added time and costs to research projects. Now, by going to the library’s website, researchers can access digitized versions of Douglass’s papers without physically going anywhere. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

7 Following the eradication of the gray wolf in Yellowstone National Park in 1926, the population of elk—a primary prey of the gray wolf—exceeded a healthy size for the park’s ecosystem. Elk overpopulation led to overgrazing of areas that a multitude of other animals relied on for food and shelter. As scientists began to see how essential the gray wolf was to the Yellowstone food chain, ecological restoration strategies were employed to reintroduce the gray wolf to the park in 1996. The rebound effect in the park’s natural ecosystem was noticed almost immediately. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

8 A team of researchers discovered that Matabele ants can identify an infected wound in a member of the colony and then treat the infection by covering the wound with antimicrobial secretions that the ants produce. The team found that the mortality rate for Matabele ants with infected injuries was reduced by 90% with this treatment, and they are hopeful that this discovery could aid in the development of new antibiotics for human use. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

9 Built in the 1970s, Raccoon Mountain is a pumped- storage hydropower facility (a “water-battery”) located in the United States along the Tennessee River. When energy demand is low, excess power from the regional electric utility’s nuclear plants is used to pump water (from a lower reservoir filled from the Tennessee River) up a shaft to the summit lake, where the water is stored as gravitational potential energy. When energy demand peaks, the water drains down from the summit lake, spinning turbines and generating upward of 1,700 megawatts of power—enough to power one million homes for twenty hours. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

10 Ruth Asawa was an accomplished artist who worked in many art forms, including her unique tied-wire sculptures, but she was dedicated to more than the creation of art. Asawa also wanted to bring art to children in her hometown of San Francisco, California. To that end, in 1968 she cofounded the Alvarado School Arts Workshop, which brought works of art and artists into public schools, and in 1982 she helped found a San Francisco public arts high school, which was later named after her. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

11 The first national census in Canada was conducted in 1871. The graph shows the population sizes of some of the largest Canadian cities from each of the first four national censuses, which occurred every ten years. According to the graph, which city had the largest population in 1891?

12 Percent of Drawings Containing an Example of Each Animal Group 90 80 s g 70 n w i 60 a r 50 d f o 40 t n 30 e c 20 r e P 10 0 s s l d c m r e b^s i s m^a n^t i a m Animal Researchers Kate Howlett and Edgar Turner asked 401 schoolchildren in the United Kingdom to draw and label local wildlife. The researchers suggest that the children may be more aware of mammals than of other animals in their environments. Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the researchers’ conclusion?

13 Percentage of US Congress Members Who Self-Identified as Veterans, 1953–2023 Year House of Representatives Senate Since the nation’s earliest days, both houses of the United States Congress have counted many military veterans among their elected officials, including Hiram L. Fong (who served in the US Army Air Force) and Ralph Harold Metcalfe Sr. (who served in the US Army). A research institute gathered historical data about congressional members who have reported past military experience and determined that b l a n k Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the sentence?

14 “Aunt Sue’s Stories” is a 1926 poem by Langston Hughes. In the poem, the speaker indicates that the stories Aunt Sue tells are based on Aunt Sue’s personal experiences, saying that b l a n k Which choice most effectively uses a quotation from “Aunt Sue’s Stories” to illustrate the claim?

15 Olms are salamanders that live in underwater caves. Scientists once thought that olms stay in their caves all their lives. However, Raoul Manenti and team claim that olms regularly come to the surface to perform important activities such as finding food. Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the underlined claim?

17 In Switzerland, the white fuzzy mountain flowers known as edelweiss are widely treated as a symbol of strength and courage. Although edelweiss can thrive in extreme conditions, they aren’t notably tougher or harder to reach than other mountain flowers growing in the Swiss Alps. Historian Tobias Scheidegger has shown that the popular view of the flowers originated in the mid-1800s when mountain climbing became popular in Switzerland. Mountain climbers spread the idea that the flowers grew only in steep, icy terrains that were dangerous to climb to. Scheidegger says that these claims were self- interested. He suggests that mountain climbers presented edelweiss in this way in order to b l a n k Which choice most logically completes the text?

18 The ratio of methane to other atmospheric constituents—represented by a measure called the methane mole fraction—influences a variety of meteorological phenomena, notably precipitation and humidity. For Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, the observational data that exist are too sparse and discrepant to fully constrain the range of the methane mole fraction at various atmospheric levels. Juan Lora and colleagues point out that outputs of the IPSL atmospheric model of Titan, which track closely to observations in some respects, reflect how the model’s developers responded to this challenge: by prescribing a uniform methane mole fraction for the lowest level of the atmosphere. It is therefore important to note that b l a n k Which choice most logically completes the text?

19 Ganga is a folk singing tradition that originated in the Dinaric Alps in southern Europe. Ganga singers sing different melodies at the same time. The clashing notes can echo a long way across the mountains, which is why b l a n k Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

20 A popular suite of mapping and spatial analysis software, ArcGIS enables cartographers like Karachi Cartography founder Namra Khalid b l a n k maps by analyzing and arranging raw geospatial data. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

21 The part of a compound that determines the compound’s color is b l a n k the chromophore. One example of a chromophore is hemoglobin, which gives human blood its red color. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

22 In rural Minnesota, ecologist Leroy Walston conducted a study to determine whether seeding solar panel fields with wildflowers could bolster pollinator populations in nearby food crops. Walston’s findings indicate that—assuming solar panel installers’ b l a n k practice has the potential to increase the number of native bees in crops near solar fields throughout the Midwest by up to 20 percent. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

23 Key-value pairs are an important aspect of JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), an electronic file format for storing and transmitting data. Keys function as labels, while values contain the actual information. In a JSON file storing data about fire belly b l a n k instance, you could encounter a key such as “species” with the associated value of “Cynops orientalis.” Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

24 Most of the ice found on Earth is ice Ih, distinguished by a crystalline structure in which molecules form a hexagonal pattern. Amorphous ice, on the other hand, constitutes most of the ice in the ultrafrigid environment of outer space. Defined by a disorganized molecular structure, b l a n k Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

25 Recordings of electrical activity in the brain, b l a n k increased activity in brain areas associated with suppressing motor functions. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

26 If an animal can recognize itself in a reflective surface (“the mirror test”), it is considered to have self-awareness. In a recent study, scientists b l a n k for evidence of self-awareness in snakes, species that rely primarily on olfactory rather than visual processing, adapted the test to foreground smell, modifying the scent trails of North American eastern garter snakes and African ball pythons. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

27 The traditional process of Turkish paper marbling (ebru) generally proceeds like this: First, the artisan fills a shallow tray with a water bath solution. Next, the artisan adds inks or paints to the solution, which can then be manipulated into intricate designs. b l a n k the artisan slips paper in and out of the liquid, transferring the design onto the paper. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

28 While studying jorō spiders, a large species originally from East Asia, University of Georgia researchers wondered if the spiders’ rapid spread throughout the southeastern US was a result of aggressive behavior. b l a n k they discovered that jorō spiders are gentle giants who react to even minor disturbances by “freezing” in place for an hour or more. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

29 Upper-atmospheric jets—phenomena whereby electrical discharges cause narrow cones of blue light to briefly burst upward from the tops of thunderclouds—have been observed reaching the ionosphere. The extreme altitudes involved (the ionosphere begins about 80 km above Earth) mark these gigantic jets as outliers; b l a n k the majority of jets reach heights of only 20 to 50 km. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

30 In Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek—where, early on, the author marvels at a single goldfish’s delicate fins but later winces when imagining a horde of goldfish laying and eating their own eggs—Dillard struggles to reconcile the complicated juxtapositions of the natural world. b l a n k nature’s mesmerizing intricacy and pitiless harshness prove inextricably linked for Dillard, like “two branches of the same creek.” Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

31 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • In a 2020 study, researchers in California investigated how many potential nesting sites female wood ducks visited during the nesting season. • The researchers placed nest boxes throughout the survey area and tagged 138 female wood ducks with radio frequency ID trackers. • These trackers recorded how many nest boxes each duck visited. • 67 ducks (48.5%) visited only one nest box. • 18 ducks (13.0%) visited 10 or more nest boxes. • Younger ducks were more likely to visit multiple nest boxes. The student wants to present the methods used in the 2020 study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

32 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Pedestrian malls are outdoor streets in a city or town where vehicle traffic is prohibited. • Many pedestrian malls were built in the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and Asia. • Qianmen Dajie is a famous pedestrian mall in Beijing. • It has existed since the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE). • Rue Mouffetard is a famous pedestrian mall in Paris. • It has existed since the mid-Roman Empire (117–235 CE). The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the ages of the malls. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

33 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Modularity of mind is the notion that the mind is at least partly composed of innate neural structures (modules) that perform fast, necessary tasks. • 1983: cognitive scientist Jerry A. Fodor hypothesized that low-level cognitive systems (e.g., perception, language) are modular. • In Fodorian modularity, high-level systems (e.g., reasoning) are not modular. • 2003: cognitive scientist Peter Carruthers proposed the massive modularity hypothesis (MMH). • MMH expands modularity to include all cognitive systems. The student wants to compare Fodor’s hypothesis with Carruthers’s. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

1 In the triangle shown, PQ = QR. What is the value of x?

2 4x + 1 = 33 Which equation has the same solution as the given equation? =

3 For the linear function f, the graph of y = f x in ^ h the xy-plane has a slope of 7 and passes through the point 0,5. Which equation defines f? ^ h =

4 - = 8x^2 40 32 What is the positive solution to the given equation?

5 A total of 50 children attended a summer camp and were offered 4 types of sandwiches. The table shows the number of children who chose each type of sandwich. Type of sandwich Number of children Turkey 15 Chicken 23 Ham 3 Vegetarian 9 Total 50 If one of these children is selected at random, what is the probability of selecting a child who chose a vegetarian sandwich? 9

6 Amara grows cherry tomatoes in her backyard. This year, she harvested 750 cherry tomatoes and gave 10% of them to her neighbor. How many of the harvested cherry tomatoes did Amara give to her neighbor?

8 In a chess tournament, each participant earns 1 point for each game the participant plays that ends in a draw and 3 points for each game the participant wins. A certain participant in this tournament has earned 41 points. Which equation represents this situation, where d represents the number of games this participant has played that ended in a draw and w represents the number of games this participant has won?

9 = + The function g is defined by g x x 300. ^ h What is the value of g x when x = 81? ^ h

10 A cable provider wanted to know how many of its 30,000 customers would be interested in a new service plan. The provider selected 300 customers at random and asked each customer whether the customer would be interested in the new plan. Of those surveyed, 8 said they would be interested. Which of the following is the best estimate of the total number of customers who would be interested in the new service plan?

11 - Which expression is equivalent to 64t^2 s^3 56t^3 s?

12 + = x 5 14 = + y 4x^2 4 At what point x,y do the graphs of the equations in ^ h the given system intersect?

15 The scatterplot shows the relationship between x and y. A line of best fit is also shown. Which of the following is closest to the slope of this line of best fit?

16 Which quadratic equation has exactly one distinct real solution?

17 The cost to rent a bus from Company X is $950 for the first 3 hours and an additional $50 per hour for each hour after the first 3 hours. If the total cost to rent the bus from Company X for t hours, where t > 3, is $1,150, which equation represents this situation?

19 In triangle QRS shown, < RS. Which expression represents the length of QR/QS?

20 Circle A in the xy-plane has the equation x + 5 + y - 5 = 25. Circle B has the same ^ h^2 ^ h^2 center as circle A. The radius of circle B is two times the radius of circle A. The equation defining circle B in the xy-plane is x + 5 + y - 5 = k, where k ^ h^2 ^ h^2 is a constant. What is the value of k?

21 + + = x^2 7x 5 0 One solution to the given equation can be written as -7 k = x (+)/2, where k is a constant. What is the value of k?

22 A scientist measured the lengths of 240 gray seals from Muskeget Island and 120 gray seals from Sable Island. The scientist determined that the mean length of the 240 gray seals from Muskeget Island was 88 inches and the mean length of the 120 gray seals from Sable Island was 94 inches. What was the mean length of all 360 gray seals the scientist measured for this study?

23 y 10 8 6 4 2 x ‒1 O 1 2 3 4 5 ‒2 ‒4 = + The graph of y f x 4 is shown. Which ^ h equation defines function f? = - +

24 Two lines intersect at exactly one point, forming two acute angles and two obtuse angles. The measure of one of these angles is 9x - 140 °. Which of the ^ h following could NOT be the sum of the measures of any two of these angles?

25 + = 2x 9y 7 The given equation is one equation in a system of two linear equations. If the system of equations has at least one solution, which of the following equations could be the other equation in the system? I. 3x + 13.5y = 10.5 - = II. 3x 13.5y 10.5

26 A right rectangular prism has a base area of 24t squarecentimeters cm^2. The length of the base ^ 8 of the rectangular prism is h/3 cm, and the height of the rectangular prism is 15cm. Which expression represents the surface area, in cm^2, of the right rectangular prism? +

1 + 5x4y+ Which expression is equivalent to 6x?

2 To study the characteristics of sea stars in a group of tide pools, researchers measured the diameter of the sea stars within the tide pools. The dot plot gives the diameter, to the nearest inch, of each of the sea stars in these tide pools. 16 17 18 19 20 Diameter (inches) Based on the dot plot, how many sea stars had a diameter, to the nearest inch, of 16 inches?

3 A rectangle has a length of 56 inches and a width of 28 inches. What is the area, in square inches, of the rectangle?

4 = 10x 110 - = 6x 63 y The solution to the given system of equations is x,y. What is the value of y? ^ h

5 The function f is defined by f x = 9 2x + 3. For ^ h ^ h = what value of x does f x 63? ^ h

6 = 10x 86 What value of x is the solution to the given equation?

8 Leo goes to a packing store to buy containers and tape. Leo has $15. Each container costs $1.87 and each roll of tape costs $2.40. Which inequality represents the relationship between the number of containers, c, and the number of rolls of tape, t, Leo can buy? + #

9 The graph of the function f is shown, where = y f x. ^ h Which of the following best describes the function f?

10 y 6600/5500 555555/444455 4400/30 33355/25 20/10 15/5 x ‒15 ‒10 ‒5 O 5 10 15 The shaded region shown in the graph represents all the solutions to which inequality? #

11 There are 240 players in a tennis competition that includes 4 rounds of matches. Each player in the competition will play a match against another player in round 1. At the end of each round, the player who loses the match is eliminated and the player who won the match advances to the next round to play a match against another winning player. Which equation gives the number of players, p, eliminated # at the end of round r, where r 4? 1 r =

12 = + Line k is defined by y 6x 4. Line j is parallel to line k in the xy-plane and passes through the point 0,5. Which equation defines line j? ^ h

13 In the triangle shown, what is the value of x?

14 What is the radius of the circle in the xy-plane defined by x + 2 + y + 5 = 169? ^ h^2 ^ h^2

15 y 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 x O 50 100 150 200 250 ‒50 ‒100 ‒150 ‒200 The graph shows the estimated boiling point y, in degrees Celsius, of a normal paraffin with a molecular weight of x grams per mole, where 1 # x # 280. Which statement is the best interpretation of the point 149.02,186.05? ^ h

16 For the polynomial function f, the graph of = y f x in the xy-plane passes through the points ^ h -5,0, 1,0, and 4,0. Which of the following ^ h ^ h ^ h must be a factor of f x? ^ h

17 x g x ^ h 1 32 2 28 3 24 4 20 For the linear function g, the table shows four values of x and their corresponding values of g x. The ^ h = + function can be written as g x mx b, where m ^ h and b are constants. What is the value of b?

18 x 24 30 32 f x -8 -8 8 ^ h For the quadratic function f, the table shows three values of x and their corresponding values of f x. ^ h Which equation defines f?

19 A certain open star cluster contains M-type stars and K-type stars. The estimated total mass of M-type and K-type stars in this open star cluster is 127,882quettagrams. The graph shown models the possible combinations of the number of M-type stars, x, and K-type stars, y, that could be in this open star cluster if all the M-type stars have the same estimated mass and all the K-type stars have the same estimated mass. Based on the graph, which of the following is closest to the estimated mass, in quettagrams, of each M-type star in this cluster?

20 9 3 = p^2 t^7 > > In the given equation, p 1 and t 1. If 1 t = p^3n^-, where n is a constant, what is the value of n?

22 f x = - 6x^2 + 60x - 126 ^ h The function f is defined by the given equation. Which of the following equivalent forms of the equation displays the maximum value of the function as a constant or coefficient?

23 In the figure shown, WZ and XY intersect at = = point Q, YQ 21, WQ 70, WX 60, and XQ = 120. What is the length of (=)/YZ?

24 52 x^3 + 64 x^4 - 81 = 0 ^ h^ h How many distinct real solutions does the given equation have?

25 The histogram summarizes data set A, which represents the number of points per player earned by 50 players of a game. A new player earns 18 points playing the game, and this number of points is added to data set A to create data set B with 51 values. Which of the following must be true? I. The median number of points per player for data set B is less than the median number of points per player for data set A. II. The mean number of points per player for data set B is less than the mean number of points per player for data set A.

26 In triangle XYZ, the measure of angle X is 90°. Point W lies on segment YZ, and segment WX is perpendicular to segment YZ. The length of segment WY is 572, and the length of segment WX is 429. What is the value of tanZ? 3

27 An area of 46.00 square nautical miles is equivalent to k square kilometers. To the nearest tenth, what is = the value of k? 1nauticalmile 1.852kilometers ^ h