11 The first national census in Canada was conducted in 1871. The graph shows the population sizes of some of the largest Canadian cities from each of the first four national censuses, which occurred every ten years. According to the graph, which city had the largest population in 1891?
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12 Percent of Drawings Containing an Example of Each Animal Group 90 80 s g 70 n w i 60 a r 50 d f o 40 t n 30 e c 20 r e P 10 0 s s l d c m r e b^s i s m^a n^t i a m Animal Researchers Kate Howlett and Edgar Turner asked 401 schoolchildren in the United Kingdom to draw and label local wildlife. The researchers suggest that the children may be more aware of mammals than of other animals in their environments. Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the researchers’ conclusion?
13 Percentage of US Congress Members Who Self-Identified as Veterans, 1953–2023 Year House of Representatives Senate Since the nation’s earliest days, both houses of the United States Congress have counted many military veterans among their elected officials, including Hiram L. Fong (who served in the US Army Air Force) and Ralph Harold Metcalfe Sr. (who served in the US Army). A research institute gathered historical data about congressional members who have reported past military experience and determined that b l a n k Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the sentence?
14 “Aunt Sue’s Stories” is a 1926 poem by Langston Hughes. In the poem, the speaker indicates that the stories Aunt Sue tells are based on Aunt Sue’s personal experiences, saying that b l a n k Which choice most effectively uses a quotation from “Aunt Sue’s Stories” to illustrate the claim?
15 Olms are salamanders that live in underwater caves. Scientists once thought that olms stay in their caves all their lives. However, Raoul Manenti and team claim that olms regularly come to the surface to perform important activities such as finding food. Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the underlined claim?
17 In Switzerland, the white fuzzy mountain flowers known as edelweiss are widely treated as a symbol of strength and courage. Although edelweiss can thrive in extreme conditions, they aren’t notably tougher or harder to reach than other mountain flowers growing in the Swiss Alps. Historian Tobias Scheidegger has shown that the popular view of the flowers originated in the mid-1800s when mountain climbing became popular in Switzerland. Mountain climbers spread the idea that the flowers grew only in steep, icy terrains that were dangerous to climb to. Scheidegger says that these claims were self- interested. He suggests that mountain climbers presented edelweiss in this way in order to b l a n k Which choice most logically completes the text?
18 The ratio of methane to other atmospheric constituents—represented by a measure called the methane mole fraction—influences a variety of meteorological phenomena, notably precipitation and humidity. For Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, the observational data that exist are too sparse and discrepant to fully constrain the range of the methane mole fraction at various atmospheric levels. Juan Lora and colleagues point out that outputs of the IPSL atmospheric model of Titan, which track closely to observations in some respects, reflect how the model’s developers responded to this challenge: by prescribing a uniform methane mole fraction for the lowest level of the atmosphere. It is therefore important to note that b l a n k Which choice most logically completes the text?
19 Ganga is a folk singing tradition that originated in the Dinaric Alps in southern Europe. Ganga singers sing different melodies at the same time. The clashing notes can echo a long way across the mountains, which is why b l a n k Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
2 Since the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into space in 1990, astronauts have needed to complete regular missions to repair the telescope and keep it working smoothly. Researchers hope that robots will soon be able to make these repairs. Employing robots instead of humans to make repairs will be helpful, as b l a n k astronauts to maintain the telescope can be expensive. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
20 A popular suite of mapping and spatial analysis software, ArcGIS enables cartographers like Karachi Cartography founder Namra Khalid b l a n k maps by analyzing and arranging raw geospatial data. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
21 The part of a compound that determines the compound’s color is b l a n k the chromophore. One example of a chromophore is hemoglobin, which gives human blood its red color. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
22 In rural Minnesota, ecologist Leroy Walston conducted a study to determine whether seeding solar panel fields with wildflowers could bolster pollinator populations in nearby food crops. Walston’s findings indicate that—assuming solar panel installers’ b l a n k practice has the potential to increase the number of native bees in crops near solar fields throughout the Midwest by up to 20 percent. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
23 Key-value pairs are an important aspect of JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), an electronic file format for storing and transmitting data. Keys function as labels, while values contain the actual information. In a JSON file storing data about fire belly b l a n k instance, you could encounter a key such as “species” with the associated value of “Cynops orientalis.” Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
24 Most of the ice found on Earth is ice Ih, distinguished by a crystalline structure in which molecules form a hexagonal pattern. Amorphous ice, on the other hand, constitutes most of the ice in the ultrafrigid environment of outer space. Defined by a disorganized molecular structure, b l a n k Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
25 Recordings of electrical activity in the brain, b l a n k increased activity in brain areas associated with suppressing motor functions. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
26 If an animal can recognize itself in a reflective surface (“the mirror test”), it is considered to have self-awareness. In a recent study, scientists b l a n k for evidence of self-awareness in snakes, species that rely primarily on olfactory rather than visual processing, adapted the test to foreground smell, modifying the scent trails of North American eastern garter snakes and African ball pythons. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
27 The traditional process of Turkish paper marbling (ebru) generally proceeds like this: First, the artisan fills a shallow tray with a water bath solution. Next, the artisan adds inks or paints to the solution, which can then be manipulated into intricate designs. b l a n k the artisan slips paper in and out of the liquid, transferring the design onto the paper. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
28 While studying jorō spiders, a large species originally from East Asia, University of Georgia researchers wondered if the spiders’ rapid spread throughout the southeastern US was a result of aggressive behavior. b l a n k they discovered that jorō spiders are gentle giants who react to even minor disturbances by “freezing” in place for an hour or more. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
29 Upper-atmospheric jets—phenomena whereby electrical discharges cause narrow cones of blue light to briefly burst upward from the tops of thunderclouds—have been observed reaching the ionosphere. The extreme altitudes involved (the ionosphere begins about 80 km above Earth) mark these gigantic jets as outliers; b l a n k the majority of jets reach heights of only 20 to 50 km. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
3 There are many famous examples of election pollsters making inaccurate predictions in presidential elections. But neuroscientist and election pollster Sam Wang has said that these prediction failures should not lead campaigns to b l a n k election polling entirely. Polling is about more than just predicting the winner; throughout campaigns, it helps strategists identify where their efforts are most likely to be effective. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
30 In Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek—where, early on, the author marvels at a single goldfish’s delicate fins but later winces when imagining a horde of goldfish laying and eating their own eggs—Dillard struggles to reconcile the complicated juxtapositions of the natural world. b l a n k nature’s mesmerizing intricacy and pitiless harshness prove inextricably linked for Dillard, like “two branches of the same creek.” Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
31 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • In a 2020 study, researchers in California investigated how many potential nesting sites female wood ducks visited during the nesting season. • The researchers placed nest boxes throughout the survey area and tagged 138 female wood ducks with radio frequency ID trackers. • These trackers recorded how many nest boxes each duck visited. • 67 ducks (48.5%) visited only one nest box. • 18 ducks (13.0%) visited 10 or more nest boxes. • Younger ducks were more likely to visit multiple nest boxes. The student wants to present the methods used in the 2020 study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
32 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Pedestrian malls are outdoor streets in a city or town where vehicle traffic is prohibited. • Many pedestrian malls were built in the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and Asia. • Qianmen Dajie is a famous pedestrian mall in Beijing. • It has existed since the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE). • Rue Mouffetard is a famous pedestrian mall in Paris. • It has existed since the mid-Roman Empire (117–235 CE). The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the ages of the malls. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
33 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Modularity of mind is the notion that the mind is at least partly composed of innate neural structures (modules) that perform fast, necessary tasks. • 1983: cognitive scientist Jerry A. Fodor hypothesized that low-level cognitive systems (e.g., perception, language) are modular. • In Fodorian modularity, high-level systems (e.g., reasoning) are not modular. • 2003: cognitive scientist Peter Carruthers proposed the massive modularity hypothesis (MMH). • MMH expands modularity to include all cognitive systems. The student wants to compare Fodor’s hypothesis with Carruthers’s. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
4 Steiger Butte Drum, a family ensemble from the Klamath Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, collaborated with composer Michael Gordon to create Natural History, a work featuring traditional drumming and vocals alongside an orchestra and chorus. Steiger Butte Drum’s participation is b l a n k to the piece: members not only contributed to its composition but also must be included in all performances. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?