19 When using a search engine, many people click just the first one or two results. Click restraint is the practice of scanning a search results page and evaluating what you see before deciding which link b l a n k Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
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2 The unique subak water management system used to irrigate the rice paddy fields of the Indonesian island of Bali has a rich cultural, philosophical, and historical significance dating back to the ninth century. The many elements of subak—terraces, canals, and water temples—are b l a n k: they are joined together into a single cohesive unit. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
20 Following her debut album release in 2002, Mexican singer-songwriter Natalia Lafourcade quickly shot to fame. By 2023, she b l a n k one of the most celebrated musicians in Latin America, having released twelve albums and won seventeen Latin Grammy awards—more than any other female artist in history. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
21 The rough frog is a species of amphibian native to Australia. Currently, the frog’s range b l a n k parts of northern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
22 According to the original text of the US Constitution, written in 1787, the presidential candidate receiving the second-most Electoral College votes becomes vice president. The 12th amendment, ratified in b l a n k separated the elections for the two offices. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
23 The musical scores of Japanese composer Hiroyuki Sawano are famous for their mysterious titles. Laden with emojis and seemingly meaningless words, and driven largely by Sawano’s “personal feeling and mood,” b l a n k Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
24 Artist Yto Barrada’s exhibition Ways to Baffle the Wind incorporates sculptures, textiles, and films. Barrada’s pieces, utilizing elements as disparate as plant-dyed fabrics, wire crab traps filled with stones, and cotton balls dangling above a fan, b l a n k the ways humans attempt to organize and regulate nature. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
25 Helical b l a n k widely understood to confer stability and efficiency in the locomotion of a variety of microscopic organisms—including bacteria, eukaryotic algae, and ciliates—bestows similar advantages, albeit via different propulsive modes, to larger oceanic macroplanktons, such as salps. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
26 The tiny transistors that control the flow of electricity in modern devices may one day be made of wood. Researchers in Switzerland have found a way to use heat and chemicals to widen the grooves in dry pieces of balsa wood. b l a n k these grooves become wide enough that electrical conductors can be passed through them. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
27 Al-Andalus, the historical region of the Iberian Peninsula that includes most of modern-day Spain, was ruled by various Arabic-speaking Muslim states between the eighth and fifteenth centuries. b l a n k many Arabic words, such as “alacrán”—meaning “scorpion”—made their way into the Spanish language. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
28 Imagine a magazine that a reader has thrown away. This magazine is post-consumer waste, as it became waste after reaching the consumer. b l a n k the paper scraps left over from printing the magazine are pre-consumer waste, as they became waste before reaching the consumer. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
29 In astrophysics, a ring of debris orbiting a larger object within the object’s Roche limit is expected to persist as a ring, whereas a ring of debris orbiting outside this limit would likely accrete into a satellite (e.g., a moon). Bruno Morgado and colleagues, b l a n k detected a dense ring of material orbiting the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar at a distance of 2,500 miles, well outside the calculated Roche limit of 1,100 miles, that has remained intact. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
3 Although the government of the Soviet Union attempted to b l a n k Georgi Vladimov’s novel Faithful Ruslan, copies of the book circulated in secret among readers in several parts of the country. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
30 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • “Organ^2 /ASLSP (As Slow as Possible)” is a musical piece by avant-garde composer John Cage. • A specially designed automated organ in St. Burchardi Church in Halberstadt, Germany, began playing the piece in 2001. • It is scheduled to stop playing the piece in 2640. • The performance will last 639 years. • It will be the longest continuous musical performance in history. The student wants to indicate how long John Cage’s musical piece will last. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
31 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • 1914: British explorer Ernest Shackleton and a small crew embarked on an expedition to Antarctica. • 1915: Shackleton’s ship Endurance became stuck in ice before eventually breaking apart and sinking. • 1916: After more harrowing sea-ice adventures, the entire crew was rescued. • 1959: Historian Alfred Lansing wrote a book called Endurance: Shackleton’s Incredible Voyage. • 2001: Filmmaker George Butler released a documentary called The Endurance: Shackleton’s Legendary Antarctic Expedition. • 2022: The wreckage of Endurance was discovered at the bottom of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea. The student wants to provide a historical overview of the Shackleton expedition. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
32 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The meter of a poem is the rhythmic structure or pattern of accents in its lines. • Alliterative meter is structured by a pattern of repeated sounds. • Quantitative meter is structured by a pattern of long and short syllables. • The Old English poem Widsith uses an alliterative meter. • The Sanskrit poem Meghadūta uses a quantitative meter. The student wants to emphasize a difference between the meters of the two poems. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
33 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Leaders of the Province of Guatemala proclaimed independence for Central America from the Spanish Empire on September 15, 1821. • The accompanying Declaration of Independence was written by Honduran scholar and politician José Cecilio del Valle. • The 1812 Spanish Constitution had provided some degree of independence for Central America, but it was repealed by the Spanish king in 1814. • Valle, a loyal advisor to the Spanish Empire’s administrators in Central America, had long opposed independence. • He changed his mind after Colonel Rafael del Riego’s 1820 revolt, which demanded the return of rights lost in 1814. The student wants to place the 1821 Declaration of Independence in the context of Valle’s changing political beliefs. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
4 Scholars long thought that the initial spread of silk beyond China occurred in the second century CE, but this view has been b l a n k by new archaeological evidence from South Asia that reveals that the people of the Indus Civilization made use of silk at least 1,000 years earlier. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
5 A casual description of Scherezade García’s 2019 mural Blame It on the Bean: The Power of Coffee can make the work seem b l a n k—a painting that is housed in a coffee shop and that depicts three women drinking coffee may not sound particularly ambitious—but in fact the work is a complex, dynamic meditation on gender and the legacy of colonialism that demands serious attention. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
6 The following text is adapted from Akwaeke Emezi’s 2019 novel Pet. Jam is a teenager who lives with her father, Aloe, and her mother, Bitter, who is a painter. Bitter finished the painting in the dark morning of a day—it was well past midnight when Jam heard the studio door creak open. She stared into the velvet black of her room and listened to her mother’s footsteps walking in her [mother] and Aloe’s bedroom. There was a weight thrumming through the floorboards in a low song, and that was how Jam knew the painting was done. Bitter’s feet were singing the news. ©2019 by Akwaeke Emezi Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
7 The following text is from Bram Stoker’s 1911 novel The Lair of the White Worm. Adam is meeting his great-uncle Richard at a port. The meeting so auspiciously begun proceeded well. Adam, seeing that the old man was interested in the novelty of the ship, suggested that he should stay the night on board, and that he would himself be ready to start at any hour and go anywhere that the other suggested. This affectionate willingness to fall in with his own plans quite won the old man’s heart. He warmly accepted the invitation, and at once they became not only on terms of affectionate relationship, but almost like old friends. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
8 Curious about how people visually perceive objects in their dreams, Stephen LaBerge and team recruited lucid dreamers—people aware that they’re dreaming as it’s happening—for a research study. These participants were reliably able to signal when they had entered a dream state; the team then observed participants’ eye movements as they slept. The smoothness with which participants’ eyes tracked objects in their dreams closely matched how sighted people who are awake visually track objects around them, suggesting to the team that the brain perceives dream objects as the product of something other than pure imagination. Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
9 Text 1 Good art often challenges and disrupts social and aesthetic norms, but the creation of public art—paintings, sculptures, and performance pieces displayed in nonmuseum or nontheatrical public settings—typically requires broad agreement among artists, civic officials, and community members about the works’ message and artistic goals. Public art that fails to appease everyone by being sufficiently aesthetically and conceptually bland almost inevitably provokes backlash. Text 2 Public art is commonly displayed in spaces intended for purposes other than meaningful aesthetic engagement. Some critics of public art therefore note that norm-defying pieces that aren’t effectively integrated within their surroundings in a manner that primes passersby to appreciate the pieces’ merits (as is often the case) tend to be regarded more unfavorably than similarly provocative art encountered in museums is. Based on the texts, how would the critics mentioned in Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?
1 Ancient Inca inhabiting the Andes Mountains used terraces, rows of flattened land with built- in irrigation systems, to grow crops at different altitudes. This method of farming proved to be highly b l a n k, as evidenced by the great number and variety of crops grown at that time. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
10 Ruth Asawa was an accomplished artist who worked in many art forms, including her unique tied-wire sculptures, but she was dedicated to more than the creation of art. Asawa also wanted to bring art to children in her hometown of San Francisco, California. To that end, in 1968 she cofounded the Alvarado School Arts Workshop, which brought works of art and artists into public schools, and in 1982 she helped found a San Francisco public arts high school, which was later named after her. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?