sat-dog

In 1974, Mexican chemist Mario Molina and US chemist F. Sherwood Rowland discovered that chemicals called CFCs were harmful to the ozone layer. Their research was extremely influential in the fight against CFCs. _______it laid the foundation for a 1987 treaty that phased out the use of CFCs across the globe. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

With his room-sized installation Unicorn/My Private Sky, Norwegian artist Børre Sæthre succeeds in creating a whimsical yet perplexing experience. _______when visitors set foot inside the fantastically blue room and encounter the life-sized stuffed unicorn preening at the far end of it, they are both dazzled and confused—as if stepping into a strange and enchanting new world. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Kelp forests grow underwater along the eastern Pacific Coast. These underwater forests are important to fish and other marine animals. Ocean currents can be powerful and rough, making it difficult for animals to find safe places to hide from predators. The underwater forests slow down the currents. This creates a more _______environment with calmer waters where animals can take shelter. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and 1794. • It was the first private turnpike in the United States. • It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania. • It was sixty-two miles long. The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind. • Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from Earth. • In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya. • Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting the Moon. • Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon. The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The Mule Bone, a 1930 play written by Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes, is perhaps the best-known of the few examples of ______ in literature. Most writers prefer working alone, and given that working together cost Hurston and Hughes their friendship, it is not hard to see why. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Ofelia Zepeda’s contributions to the field of linguistics are _______: her many accomplishments include working as a linguistics professor and bilingual poet, authoring the first Tohono O’odham grammar book, and co-founding the American Indian Language Development Institute. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Archaeologists studying the ancient city of Pompeii in Italy recently discovered a well-preserved food shop known as a thermopolium. The site contains food remains, artworks, and decorations. These items give researchers a better understanding of what daily life in Pompeii may have been like. For example, the archaeologists found a ceramic jar that they believe likely contained a meat and seafood stew. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

The following text is from Sarah Orne Jewett’s 1899 short story “Martha’s Lady.” Martha is employed by Miss Pyne as a maid. Miss Pyne sat by the window watching, in her best dress, looking stately and calm; she seldom went out now, and it was almost time for the carriage. Martha was just coming in from the garden with the strawberries, and with more flowers in her apron. It was a bright cool evening in June, the golden robins sang in the elms, and the sun was going down behind the apple-trees at the foot of the garden. The beautiful old house stood wide open to the long-expected guest. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

The following text is adapted from Aphra Behn’s 1689 novel The Lucky Mistake. Atlante and Rinaldo are neighbors who have been secretly exchanging letters through Charlot, Atlante’s sister. [Atlante] gave this letter to Charlot; who immediately ran into the balcony with it, where she still found Rinaldo in a melancholy posture, leaning his head on his hand: She showed him the letter, but was afraid to toss it to him, for fear it might fall to the ground; so he ran and fetched a long cane, which he cleft at one end, and held it while she put the letter into the cleft, and stayed not to hear what he said to it. But never was man so transported with joy, as he was at the reading of this letter; it gives him new wounds; for to the generous, nothing obliges love so much as love. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

According to historian Vicki L. Ruiz, Mexican American women made crucial contributions to the labor movement during World War II. At the time, food processing companies entered into contracts to supply United States armed forces with canned goods. Increased production quotas conferred greater bargaining power on the companies’ employees, American women: employees insisted on more favorable (many of whom were Mexican)/(and employers, who were anxious to) fulfill the contracts, complied. Thus, labor activism became benefits,/(a platform for Mexican) American women to assert their agency. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

- - - - - -_some_colors_seem_to_be - - - ~ Art scholars have noted that more _______ viewers than others. For example, people tend to find paintings featuring blues and greens more appealing than paintings featuring yellows and oranges. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is adapted from Sylvia Acevedo’s 2018 memoir Path to the Stars:My Journey from Girl Scout to Rocket Scientist. The narrator is traveling by car with her family to Mexico City. Mario and Laura are her brother and sister. Mario and I played games to see how many different license plates we could spot, and Laura liked to look for children in the back seats of the cars we passed. We were used to the forty-five- minute drive to El Paso and familiar with the six-hour ride to Chihuahua, but I wondered what the long journey to Mexico City would be like. ©2018 by Sylvia Acevedo According to the text, what did the narrator and Mario do while riding in the car?

In the 1700s and 1800s, European composers experimented with volume in their musical works. They did so by increasing the number of musicians playing in the orchestra. For example, in some of his operas, German composer Richard Wagner added more horns, trombones, and tubas to the orchestra. With more instruments playing at the same time, the orchestra could play extremely loudly at key moments in his operas. According to the text, how did Richard Wagner achieve moments of extremely high volume in his operas?

Poetry in Classical Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec Empire, relies on difrasismo, or a parallel noun construction that conventionally operates as a single metaphor. For example, the common difrasismo in cuauhtli in ocelotl(literally, “the eagle, the jaguar”) signifies “warrior.” The device’s function is both formal—providing structure to lines of verse—and ritual: semantic relations among the two nouns and the concept they signify can be tenuous, as in the previous example, such that difrasismos are often only intelligible according to the conceptual associations observed in Aztec ceremonial culture. Which statement about the difrasismo in cuauhtli in ocelotlis most strongly supported by the text?

Eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, which he putatively used to illustrate a robust model of how individuals produce aggregate benefits by pursuing their own economic interests. Note “putatively”: as Gavin Kennedy has shown, Smith deploys this metaphor only once in his economic writings—to make a narrow point about the then-dominant economic theory of mercantilism—and it was largely ignored until some twentieth-century economists eager to secure an intellectual pedigree for their views elevated it to a fully-fledged paradigm. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Approximate Rates of Speech and Information Conveyed for Five Languages Rate of speech Rate of information (syllables conveyed (bits Language per second) per second) Serbian 7.2 39.1 Spanish 7.7 42.0 Vietnamese 5.3 42.5 Thai 4.7 33.8 Hungarian 5.9 34.6 A group of researchers working in Europe, Asia, and Oceania conducted a study to determine how quickly different Eurasian languages are typically spoken (in syllables per second) and how much information they can effectively convey (in bits per second). They found that, although languages vary widely in the speed at which they are spoken, the amount of information languages can effectively convey tends to vary much less. Thus, they claim that two languages with very different spoken rates can nonetheless convey the same amount of information in a given amount of time. Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ claim?

Estimates of Tyrannosaurid Bite Force A Study Year Estimation method Cost et al. 2019 muscular and skeletal modeling Gignac and Erickson 2017 tooth-bone interaction analysis Meers 2002 body-mass scaling Bates and Falkingham 2012 muscular and skeletal modeling The largest tyrannosaurids—the family of carnivorous dinos that includes Tarbosaurus, Albertosaurus, and, most famousl Tyrannosaurus rex—are thought to have had the strongest bi land animals in Earth’s history. Determining the bite force o animals can be difficult, however, and paleontologists Paul B Emily Rayfield have suggested that an estimate of dinosaur b may be significantly influenced by the methodology used in g that estimate. Which choice best describes data from the table that support and Rayfield’s suggestion?

Psychologists Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt have argued that experiencing awe—a sensation of reverence and wonder typically brought on by perceiving something grand or powerful—can enable us to feel more connected to others and thereby inspire us to act more altruistically. Keltner, along with Paul K. Piff, Pia Dietze, and colleagues, claims to have found evidence for this effect in a recent study where participants were asked to either gaze up at exceptionally tall trees in a nearby grove (reported to be a universally awe-inspiring experience) or stare at the exterior of a nearby, nondescript building. After one minute, an experimenter deliberately spilled a box of pens nearby. Which finding from the researchers’ study, if true, would most strongly support their claim?

The domestic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) descends from a wild plant native to South America. It also populates the Polynesian Islands, where evidence confirms that Native Hawaiians and other Indigenous peoples were cultivating the plant centuries before seafaring first occurred over the thousands of miles of ocean separating them from South America. To explain how the sweet potato was first introduced in Polynesia, botanist Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez and colleagues analyzed the DNA of numerous varieties of the plant, concluding that Polynesian varieties diverged from South American ones over 100,000 years ago. Given that Polynesia was peopled only in the last three thousand years, the team concluded that ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

The morphological novelty of echinoderms—marine invertebrates with radial symmetry, usually starlike, around a central point—impedes comparisons with most other animals, in which bilateral symmetry on an anterior-posterior (head to tail) axis through a trunk is typical. Particularly puzzling are sea stars, thought to have evolved a headless layout from a known bilateral origin. Applying genomic knowledge of Saccoglossus kowalevskiiacorn worms (close relatives of sea stars, and thus expected to have similar markers for corresponding anatomical regions) to the body patterning genes of Patiria miniatasea stars, Laurent Formery et al. observed activity only in anterior genes across P. miniata’s entire body and some posterior genes limited to the edges, suggesting that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

To survive when water is scarce, embryos inside African turquoise killifish eggs ______ a dormant state known as diapause. In this state, embryonic development is paused for as long as two years—longer than the life span of an adult killifish. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Researchers and conservationists stress that biodiversity loss due to invasive species is _______. For example, people can take simple steps such as washing their footwear after travel to avoid introducing potentially invasive organisms into new environments. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Formed in 1967 to foster political and economic stability within the Asia-Pacific region, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations was originally made up of five members: Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. By the end of the 1990s, the organization ______ its initial membership. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

After the United Kingdom began rolling out taxes equivalent to a few cents on single-use plastic grocery bags in 2011, plastic-bag consumption decreased by up to ninety _______taxes are subject to what economists call the “rebound effect”: as the change became normalized, plastic-bag use started to creep back up. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?