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The Inca of South America used intricately knotted string devices called quipus to record countable information, like population data and payments. _______ they may have used quipus to record more complex information, like stories and myths, according to researchers. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

_______ the long-standing trend of overemphasizing teenagers and young adults in research on social media use, scholars have recently begun to expand their focus to include the fastest-growing cohort of social media users: senior citizens. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

In hindsight, given the ideas about the natural world circulating among British scientists in the 1800s, the theory of natural selection was an obvious next step. It may not have been a coincidence, _______ that Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace arrived at the concept independently. Indeed, contrary to the popular myth of the lone genius, theirs is not the first paradigm-shifting theory to have emerged from multiple scholars working in parallel. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute in India sought to limit the country’s dependence on imported sugarcane. • The institute enlisted botanist Janaki Ammal to breed a local variety of sugarcane. • She crossbred the imported sugarcane species Saccharum officinarum with grasses native to India. • She succeeded in creating sugarcane hybrids well suited to India’s climate. The student wants to emphasize Janaki Ammal’s achievement. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Elizabeth Catlett’s sculpture Recognition (1970) shows two African American figures with rounded, indistinct features. • The figures reach out to each other in a pose that symbolizes a close, supportive relationship. • Her sculpture Students Aspire (1978) shows two African American figures with sharply defined features. • The figures hold an equal sign above their heads with one hand and embrace each other with the other hand. • This pose symbolizes their support for each other in the pursuit of equality. The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The ancient Arab dhow was a sailing vessel distinguishable by its triangular sails and stitched hull construction. • Dhows were used primarily for trade along the coasts of Arab, South Asian, and East African countries. • Contemporary shipbuilders in Oman use a mix of modern and traditional materials to build replicas of ancient dhows. • Most of the materials used are traditional. • Replica hulls are stitched together using the same traditional coconut palm fiber rope used on the hulls of ancient dhows. The student wants to make a generalization about the materials used in dhow replicas. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The following text is adapted from James Baldwin’s 1956 novel Giovanni’s Room. The narrator is riding in a taxi down a street lined with food vendors and shoppers in Paris, France. The multitude of Paris seems to be dressed in blue every day but Sunday, when, for the most part, they put on an unbelievably black. Here they were now, in blue, disputing, every inch, our passage, with their festive/wagons, handtrucks, their bursting baskets carried at an angle steeply self-confident on the back. ©1956 by James Baldwin As used in the text, what does the word “disputing” most nearly mean?

While recent scholarship has undermined claims that the works of twelfth-century Islamic philosopher Ibn Rushd were _______ other Muslim philosophers of his time, it is indisputable that his location in the Muslim-ruled area of what is now Spain meant that his works were primarily available thousands of miles west of the era’s center of Islamic thought. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

On painter William H. Johnson’s return to the United States in 1938 after a decade in Europe, his style underwent an abrupt transformation. Turning away from landscapes painted in an expressionist style—a style that often involves using fluid, distorted shapes and thick, textured brushstrokes to express the artist’s subjective experience of reality—Johnson portraits of Black Americans in a bold new way. Evocative of African sculpture and (began painting)/(American and) Scandinavian folk art, these portraits feature flat, deliberately oversimplified figures in a vibrant but limited color palette. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

When classical pianist Martha Argerich performs, it appears as if the music is coming to her spontaneously. She’s highly skilled technically, but because of how freely she plays and her willingness to take risks, she seems relaxed and natural. Her apparent ease, however, is due to a tremendous amount of preparation. Despite Argerich’s experience and virtuosity, she never takes for granted that she knows a piece of music. Instead, she approaches the music as if encountering it for the first time and tries to understand it anew. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

The following text is adapted from Herman Melville’s 1855 novel Israel Potter. Israel is a young man wandering through New England during the late eighteenth century. He hired himself out for three months; at the end of that time to receive for his wages two hundred acres of land lying in New Hampshire. [...] His employer proving false to the contract in the matter of the land, and there being no law in the country to force him to fulfil it, Israel—who, however brave-hearted, and even (much of a dare-devil upon a pinch, seems)/(parts of his career, a singular patience and) many (nevertheless to have evinced, throughout)/(mildness—was obliged to look round for) other means of livelihood than clearing out a farm for himself in the wilderness. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

Text 1 In 1954 George Balanchine choreographed a production of The Nutcracker, a ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It has since become a tradition for hundreds of dance companies in North America to is stuck (in the past, with an old-fashioned story and)/(needs to create new traditions if it wants to stay) (stage The Nutcracker each year. But the show)/(references, so it should no longer be produced.) Ballet relevant to contemporary audiences. Text 2 The Nutcracker is outdated, but it should be kept because it’s a holiday favorite and provides substantial income for some dance companies. Although it can be behind the times, there are creative ways to update the show. For example, Debbie Allen successfully modernized the story. Her show Hot Chocolate Nutcracker combines ballet, tap, hip-hop, and other styles, and it has been gaining in popularity since it opened in 2009. Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?

- - -_of_Chicana - -_artist -_Ester -_Hernandez_are - - ~.. The works.. now _______ in museums both in the United States. and abroad, but the murals she contributed to as a.. member of Las Mujeres Muralistas early in her. artistic career were displayed in outdoor public.. spaces across San Francisco... Which choice completes the text with the most.. logical and precise word or phrase?..

Elizabeth Asiedu has identified a negative correlation between the share of developing countries’ economies derived from natural-resource extraction and those countries’ receipts of foreign investment. This may appear counterintuitive—resource extraction requires initial investments (in extractive technology, for instance) at scales best met by multinational corporations—but Asiedu notes that natural-resource industries’ boom-bust cycle can destabilize local currencies and increase developing countries’ vulnerability to external shocks, creating levels of uncertainty to which foreign investors are typically averse. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

To understand how temperature change affects microorganism-mediated cycling of soil nutrients in alpine ecosystems, Eva Kaštovská et al. collected plant-soil cores in the Tatra Mountains at elevations around 2,100 meters and transplanted them to elevations of 1,700–1,800 meters, where the mean air temperature was warmer by 2°C. Microorganism- mediated nutrient cycling was accelerated in the transplanted cores; crucially, microorganism community composition was unchanged, allowing Kaštovská et al. to attribute the acceleration to temperature-induced increases in microorganism activity. It can most reasonably be inferred from the text that the finding about the microorganism community composition was important for which reason?

Some astronomers searching for extraterrestrial life have proposed that atmospheric NH_3 (ammonia) can serve as a biosignature gas—an indication that a planet harbors life. Jingcheng Huang, Sara Seager, and colleagues evaluated this possibility, finding that on rocky planets, atmospheric NH_3 likely couldn’t reach detectably high levels in the absence of biological activity. But the team also found that on so-called mini-Neptunes—gas planets smaller than Neptune but with atmospheres similar to Neptune’s—atmospheric pressure and temperature can be high enough to produce atmospheric NH_3. Based on the text, Huang, Seager, and colleagues would most likely agree with which statement about atmospheric NH_3?

Recreation Visits by Month to Four US National Parks during the Peak Season in 2021 1,100.----.-----------i1.---------.-- _ 1,000 +--+-~""'----l-....,,.,,.:::---+-- ~ 900 +-----''F---~~ ----"'l"-- r:::.';:: 800 +--+----,,.,,;r....---1-____::""'-=-+-- o.....,. 700 +----,rlr:l"''-------,----+-- b ~ 600 ~ r::: 500^-i--;---~~,.....------;--- +---r------1--=--~-;;=;--.....,. c,i 400 ~ -5 ~ ~ 300 -+--+-------1-----+--- §.s 200 z 100^+--+-------1-----+--- ~ 0^-+-----+---+-----+--- -'----'------'------'--- Month ___..,._ Yellowstone --o- Zion ···O·· Grand Canyon Rocky Mountain In 2021, four of the United States national parks that were among the most visited were Grand Canyon National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Zion National Park. The graph shows the number of visits for recreation to each of these parks during the three-month period with the highest number of visitors. A student notes that among the parks shown in the graph, the park with the highest monthly recreation visits in all three months was _______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

- - - -_Early -_Spring”_is_a - -_1798_poem_by - - - “Lines Written in William Wordsworth. In the poem, the speaker describes having contradictory feelings while experiencing the sights and sounds of a spring day: _______ Which quotation from “Lines Written in Early Spring” most effectively illustrates the claim?

Mean Ratings for Patients after 21 Days Mean rating for participants Mea Measure aware of taking a placebo Global improvement 5.0 Symptom severity reduction 92.00 Quality of life improvement 11.4 To test whether a medication is effective, scientists compare for patients taking it and patients taking a placebo (a medica substance). Patients normally aren’t told they’re receiving a p but a research team conducted a study to see if there might b benefit to telling them. The team used various measures to ev participants, with higher ratings indicating greater well-bein measure. Compared to the mean ratings after 21 days for par in the control group, the mean ratings for participants who w of taking a placebo _______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to com statement?

As media consumption has become increasingly multiplatform and socially mediated, active news acquisition has diminished in favor of an attitude known as “news finds me” (NFM), in which people passively rely on their social networks and ambient media environments for information about current events. Homero Gil de Zúñiga and Trevor Diehl examined data on a representative group of adults in the United States to determine participants’ strength of NFM attitude, political knowledge, and political interest. Although no major election took place sufficiently near the study for Gil de Zúñiga and Diehl to identify causality between NFM and voting behavior, they did posit that NFM may reduce voting probability through an indirect effect. Which finding, if true, would most directly support the idea advanced by Gil de Zúñiga and Diehl?

The practice of logging (cutting down trees for commercial and other uses) is often thought to be at odds with forest conservation (the work of preserving forests). However, a massive study in forest management and preservation spanning 700,000 hectares in Oregon’s Malheur National Forest calls that view into question. So far, results of the study suggest that forest plots that have undergone limited logging (the careful removal of a controlled number of trees) may be more robust than plots that haven’t been logged at all. These results, in turn, suggest that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

- - -_of_personal - Even with the widespread adoption computers, many authors still choose to write and revise their novels by hand and only then transcribe the final version on a computer. It may be tempting to speculate about how a novel written this way would be affected if it had been exclusively typed instead, but each novel is a unique entity resulting from a specific set of circumstances. Therefore, Which choice most logically completes the text?

In forecasting weather events, meteorologists sometimes discuss the role of atmospheric rivers. What are atmospheric rivers, and how _______ Part of the water cycle, atmospheric rivers are narrow channels of moisture moving through the atmosphere. In certain conditions, these “rivers” can release some of their moisture as precipitation. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

- - - - - - -_creating_small - - ~ Whether Carmen Lomas Garza is paintings and illustrations or large public artworks—such as Baile, a copper cutout of traditional Mexican dance in the San Francisco International Airport—she is _______ direct experience, drawing from memories of her childhood in Texas or details of her current surroundings in California. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

One of the few African American global explorers during the turn of the 20th century, _______ Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?