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Working from an earlier discovery of Charpentier’s, chemists Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna—winners of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry—re-created and then reprogrammed the so-called “genetic scissors” of a species of DNA-cleaving bacteria _______ a tool that is revolutionizing the field of gene technology. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In 2016, engineer Vanessa Galvez oversaw the installation of 164 bioswales, vegetated channels designed to absorb and divert stormwater, along the streets of Queens, New York. By reducing the runoff flowing into city sewers, _______ Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A study published by Rice University geoscientist Ming Tang in 2019 offers a new explanation for the origin of Earth’s _______ structures called arcs, towering ridges that form when a dense oceanic plate subducts under a less dense continental plate, melts in the mantle below, and then rises and bursts through the continental crust above. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

During a 2021 launch, Rocket Labs’ Electron rocket experienced an unexpected failure: its second-stage booster shut down suddenly after ignition. _______ instead of downplaying the incident, Rocket Labs’ CEO publicly acknowledged what happened and apologized for the loss of the rocket’s payload, which had consisted of two satellites. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be removed from the ground and disposed of in a landfill. _______ contaminated soil can be detoxified via phytoremediation: plants that can withstand high concentrations of metals absorb the pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and safely disposed of, preserving the health of the plants. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The calendar used by most of the world (the Gregorian calendar) has 365 days. • Because 365 days can’t be divided evenly by 7 (the number of days in a week), calendar dates fall on a different day of the week each year. • The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar, developed as an alternative to the Gregorian calendar, has 364 days. • Because 364 can be divided evenly by 7, calendar dates fall on the same day of the week each year, which supports more predictable scheduling. The student wants to explain an advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Particle physicists like Ayana Holloway Arce and Aida El-Khadra spend much of their time _______ what is invisible to the naked eye: using sophisticated technology, they closely examine the behavior of subatomic particles, the smallest detectable parts of matter. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance of six Native nations in the northeastern US. • The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the Great Law of Peace. • Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that the principles of the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution. • This theory is called the influence theory. • Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • In 1999, astronomer Todd Henry studied the differences in surface temperature between the Sun and nearby stars. • His team mapped all stars within 10 parsecs (approximately 200 trillion miles) of the Sun. • The surface temperature of the Sun is around 9,800°F, which classifies it as a G star. • 327 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as K or M stars, with surface temperatures under 8,900°F (cooler than the Sun). • 11 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as A or F stars, with surface temperatures greater than 10,300°F (hotter than the Sun). The student wants to emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857. • The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature. • In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly.” • Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s. • One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison. The student wants to introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The magnificent frigatebird (fregata magnificens) is a species of seabird that feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid, and other small sea animals. • It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn’t dive into the water for prey. • One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface of the water. • Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by force. • This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism. The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two ways a magnificent frigatebird acquires food. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

- ~ Anthropologist Kristian J. Carlson and colleagues examined the fossilized clavicle and shoulder bones of a 3.6-million-year-old early hominin known as “Little Foot.” They found that these bones were _______ the clavicle and shoulder bones of modern apes that are frequent climbers, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, suggesting that Little Foot had adapted to life in the trees. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Rydra Wong, the protagonist of Samuel R. Delany’s 1966 novel Babel-17, is a poet, an occupation which, in Delany’s work, is not _______: nearly a dozen of the characters that populate his novels are poets or writers. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

- ~ For a 2020 exhibition, photographer and neurobiologist Okunola Jeyifous _______ a series of new images based on a series of alphabet posters from the 1970s known as the “Black ABCs,” which featured Black children from Chicago. Jeyifous photographed the now-adult models and layered the photos over magnified images of the models’ cells, resulting in what he called “micro and macro portraiture.” Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

In addition to being an accomplished psychologist himself, Francis Cecil Sumner was a _______ increasing the opportunity for Black students to study psychology, helping to found the psychology department at Howard University, a historically Black university, in 1930. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Hugh Capet or Henry I was historically consequential or relatively uneventful, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be understood without a corollary understanding of the factors that allowed the monarch to _______ his right to hold the throne. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Some bird species don’t raise their own chicks. Instead, adult females lay their eggs in other nests, next to another bird species’ own eggs. Female cuckoos have been seen quickly laying eggs in the nests of other bird species when those birds are out looking for food. After the eggs hatch, the noncuckoo parents will typically raise the cuckoo chicks as if they were their own offspring, even if the cuckoos look very different from the other chicks. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

- 50 45..., </l 40 Q <l> 35 "O...,::s 30 </l 25 0 1-. 20 <l>..0 8 15::s z 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Activity A group of students voted on five after-school activities. The bar graph shows the number of students who voted for each of the five activities. How many students chose activity 3?

The scatterplot shows the relationship between two variables, x and y. y 10+-+--+--+--i------,f-----+---+--+--+--+ 9 ---+--+--i------,f-----+---+--+--+--+ 8 -+---+--+-4~o--+---+---+---+--+--+---+---+- 7 -+---+--+--+--+-----,,-----+---+---+---+----+- 6 +--+--+--+--i------,f-----+---+--+--+--+ 5 +--+--+----t----+if-----+---+--+--+--+ 4 3^-+---+--+--+--+-----,,-----+---+---+---+----+- -+---+--+--+--+-----,re-----+-11-r-t<-.-+---+----+- 2 +--+--+--+--i------,f-----+---+--+--+---.+- -----------------x 1 -+---+--+--+--+-----,,-----+---+---+___,_---+- U 12345678910 Which of the following equations is the most appropriate linear model for the data shown?

2.5b+5r = 80 The given equation describes the relationship between the number of birds, b, and the number of reptiles, r, that can be cared for at a pet care business on a given day. If the business cares for 16 reptiles on a given day, how many birds can it care for on this day?

y 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 " X f-^~2-4_6_8_10 -1 0-=8~ -<:..4--=2_ 14 ""'-..I / I~,v " L I..........._ ·12 " ·14 I""'-.. ·16 ' What is an equation of the graph shown?

If x/8 = 5, what is the value of 8/x?

24x+y = 48 6x+y = 7 2 The solution to the given system of equations is ( x, y). What is the value of y?

Line t in the xy-plane has a slope of − 1/3 and passes (9, 10) through the point. Which equation defines line t?

f(x) 206(1.034)^x The function = models the value, in dollars, of a certain bank account by the end of each year from 1957 through 1972, where x is the number of years after 1957. Which of the following is f(5) the best interpretation of “ is approximately equal to 243” in this context?